![]() This information on signal phrases has been adapted from: Historian Sylvia Van Kirk insists that "." 1.Try one of these signal phrases to create a smooth transition in your text: the author's last name only in subsequent references – (Barman emphasizes ".the full name of the author the first time you refer to them – (Jean Barman says ".17 th ed. and Chicago Style Q & A).Ī signal phrase often names the author of the source and provides context. When introducing your sources, Chicago style uses verbs in the present tense (for details, see sec. Signal phrases are ways to lead into or introduce a source or quote. Add the footnote at the end of the quote.Create an extra line of space immediately before and after the quotation. ![]() Indent each line of the quotation ½ inch from the left margin.Single-space the quotation (this will visually contrast with the double-spacing of the rest of your paper).Blocked quotations require no quotation marks however, to properly format the quotation you need to: ![]() Quotations of five or more lines should be put into “ blocked” formatting. The footnote should be inserted after the closing quotation mark. The end punctuation of the quotation (e.g., period, question mark, exclamation mark) should be contained within the quotation marks. Quoting the work and ideas of others in your assignments helps to demonstrate that you have undertaken some scholarly research as well as helps establish credibility for your topic or position. In order to avoid plagiarism, you must acknowledge all the resources (oral, print, and electronic) that you used in your research.Ī quotation of four or less lines should be cited within quotation marks (appearing at the beginning and end of the quote). For MLA (as well as Chicago style), the same verbs can also be used in the present tense instead of the past tense, as the second section below shows.A quotation is a collection spoken or written words repeated in speech or text by someone other than the original speaker or author. The examples in the first section are adapted to APA, which recommends past-tense verbs in signal phrases. In the examples below, the author being cited is Jane Doe. However, a few select signal phrases contain no verbs (e.g., "According to ,"). Often, signal phrases can be distinguished by the presence of a verb like "indicate" or "argue" that references what the author is doing in the original source. These expressions, which usually occur in the parts of sentences that come just before quotes and paraphrases, are called signal phrases (or, in some cases, lead-in phrases). It is relatively simple to use a wide variety of different expressions to introduce both direct and indirect citations. In most citation styles, including APA, MLA, and Chicago style, you can add variety to your research writing by not always using the same sentence structure to introduce quotations, paraphrases, or pieces of information borrowed from different sources. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission.
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